What causes dark spots + hyperpigmentation to develop?
There are several factors that can contribute to the emergence of dark spots and hyperpigmentation. Environmental and biological factors can come into play; some people are naturally predisposed to experiencing dark spots and others can increase their susceptibility due to lifestyle factors.
Sun overexposure
Being exposed to the sun’s harmful UV rays can damage your skin and lead to the development of sunspots. When skin experiences prolonged exposure to sunlight, it defends itself by producing a greater amount of melanin which is what gives skin darker pigmentation. Sun damage tends to occur over a period of time after being exposed to harsh sunlight. It can often emerge in later life as what are sometimes referred to as age spots.
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Skin inflammation + blemish marks
Blemish and acne-prone skin often shows signs of hyperpigmentation. Skin that experiences acne can become irritated and inflamed, causing increased facial redness and uneven skin tone. Once acne spots fade, skin tone can become discoloured and post-blemish marks can be left behind which contribute to skin tone appearing less even.
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Hormonal imbalance and melasma
Conditions like melasma can cause hyperpigmentation to occur, resulting in areas of dark spots appearing on the face. Melasma usually affects parts of the face including the cheeks, forehead and around the upper lip. It can be onset thanks to a fluctuation in hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone which are often influenced by pregnancy or birth control pills.
Genetics
A predisposition to dark spots and hyperpigmentation can be passed down genetically. Outside of environmental factors, dark spots can come down to biology. Look to your elders; if your parents or grandparents have experienced hyperpigmentation, it may be that there is a genetic link that makes you more likely to develop dark spots.